This white paper compares the innovation systems of the USA, China and the EU 27 countries at a national level. The aim of the study is to propose measures to promote innovation in Europe. The areas of basic research, commercialization and scaling are compared. It also discusses the structure and key characteristics of the research and innovation landscape in each comparison group. While there is a variety of funding options at the European level, the US innovation system is primarily based on private investors, while the Chinese system is characterized by a high degree of government control. The white paper identifies five key challenges of the European innovation system in comparison to the analyzed US and Chinese systems and presents four recommendations for action to overcome these challenges.

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